Both are working with Australian teams at research organisation CSIRO and James Cook University, who discovered that the fluffy native algae could reduce the amount of methane let off by farm animals. The former is native from southern Australia and New Zealand. This content is currently not available in your region. It's very species-specific, it depends on seasonality, kinds of growth, and for example, how you choose to prune or espalier your fruit tree.". But a UC Davis study that tested Asparagopsis armata on 12 dairy cows raised questions about that equation. The Japanese grew nori for hundreds of years by putting bamboo stakes in the ocean and waiting for the nori blades to appear. Electronic Flora of South Australia Species Fact Sheet. 19. Most scientists have focused on one red seaweed species —asparagopsis taxiformis — which thrives in tropical and sub-tropical climates. We rely on readers like you to uphold a free press. Of the 30 million tonnes produced annually around the world, about 29 million is farmed. ​CH4 Global co-founder – cleantech entrepreneur Nick Gerritsen – is promising big things. Depending on the species, seaweeds can be grown in horizontal nets at the sea surface, on dropper lines like mussels, suspended in nets, in tanks or in cordoned off pieces of sea. In fact, the seaweed is already farmed off the coast of the Stewart Island in New Zealand by a Kiwi company. Scientific Name Authority (Delile) Trevis. Unlike humans, sheep and cattle can digest cellulose in plants. We use cookies and other technologies to customize your experience, perform analytics and deliver personalized advertising on our sites, apps and newsletters and across the Internet based on your interests. Asparagopsis taxiformis, (limu kohu) formerly A. sanfordiana, is a species of red alga, with cosmopolitan distribution in tropical to warm temperate waters. "If this was easy, by logic you'd think it would have been solved by now," one person commented. Asparagopsis taxiformis is a species of seaweed native to Tasmania, South Australia and the South Island of New Zealand. In the mid-1990s farms were set up to grow Asparagopsis armata in France and Ireland, for cosmetics. Asparagopsis taxiformis produces bromoform, which scientists believe is the active ingredient in reducing methane emissions in livestock such as cows. The first thorny fact is that bromoform is a known animal carcinogen. The cold water version grows wild around New Zealand, hence the global rush to commercialise the seaweed's production includes two Kiwi efforts. Cows fed seaweed at one per cent of their total feed ate more than one-third less and produced two-thirds less methane. More about this seaweed on the wildfacts sheets on wildsingapore.. For a high res version of this photo, please review the details on about using my photos.When making the request, please include this reference: 070415sisg8606 How does it work? " Asparagopsis taxiformis -- a red seaweed that grows in the tropics -- in short-term studies in lactating dairy cows decreased methane emission by … But at that level the fall in methane emissions was only 26.4 per cent. The first of their four stomachs – the oxygen-starved rumen – contains an army of micro-organisms that help ferment the feed, reducing it to smaller molecules that the animal can then turn into energy. See our Privacy Policy and Third Party Partners to learn more about the use of data and your rights. But New Zealand climate scientists have discounted the idea because it might destroy the ozone layer, and because the seaweed is a known animal, and a suspected human, carcinogen. Rank species Governing Code ICBN ... Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevis. Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan 1845: 45. Milk production dropped by 11.6 per cent and milk protein levels also fell. New Zealand Environmental Context Wild Occurrence Present Origin Indigenous. Add algae to their feed and they'll belch out up to 95 per cent less methane, he says. While it occurs in low levels in chlorinated water, the United States' Environmental Protection Agency has classified it as a probable human cancer-causer. Former staff say the media hype bore no resemblance to the reality on the ground. But people need to also be clear about what the solution looks like and what the implications are.". Despite continuous promises that the company was on the verge of commercial production, its pilot plant only ever produced a tiny amount of green crude. To save the planet, we don't have to go vegan, says international climate change activist David Wallace-Wells. However, the increase was not statistically significant and was still 500 times less than the United States maximum for drinking water. Gerritsen says the economics of processing need more work, but at this stage it looks viable. Selected citations: Bonin & Hawkes 1987: 586, fig. For one research study, the seaweed was blast frozen for six hours then freeze dried for another 30 hours. Specifically, Asparagopsis taxiformis and Asparagopsis armata — two species of a crimson submarine grass that drifts on waves and tides all … Asparagopsis taxiformis, known as Red Algae, is a species of red algae or Rhodophyta, with cosmopolitan distribution in tropical to warm temperate waters. The genus Asparagopsis(Rhodophyta) is a good candidate for exploring these processes, namely cryptic diversity and introduction to explain a cosmopolitan distribution. Proponents argue that in seaweed, bromoform is locked away in a complex cellular structure. But seaweed is 70-90 per cent water, so the drying costs could be astronomical. Reducing the armata supplement to 0.5 per cent of total feed meant the cows ate 10.8 per cent less, with no reduction in milk production or weight gain. Asparagopsis taxiformis. It exhibits a strong invasive behavior and therefore it was included in the list of the “Worst Invasives in the Mediterranean Sea” ( Zenetos et al., 2010 ). That makes feeding a supplement a potential logistical nightmare. Even then, Aspin says, the seaweed supplement would have to be long-acting to work, because cows graze for 6-8 hours after milking, and that's when methane is produced. I think it's an idea where claims have run ahead of the evidence and people haven't addressed core problems, or have tried to ignore them or make them go away by continuing to be terribly excited about it.". New bid to farm seaweed in NZ touted as a 'holy grail', Top of the south can do more to make most of Provincial Growth Fund, Government announces $6m for national algae centre in Nelson, Surge in climate change gas methane means fix for burping cows urgently needed, raised the bromoform problem back in 2016, Aquaflow Bionomic, the company planned to produce biofuel from algae harvested from Blenheim poo ponds, UC Davis study that tested Asparagopsis armata on 12 dairy cows, Another crate day, another nightmare for New Zealand's emergency departments, Covid-19: US records most coronavirus deaths in single day, passing April mark, Tom Felton gets emotional watching first Harry Potter film for first time in 20 years, New Zealand vs West Indies: Williamson, Latham put hosts firmly on top, The outdoor sportsmen who say they removed the US monolith: 'If you think we're proud, we're not', 'Setting you up to fail': NZ couple issued 'impossible' flight itineraries by popular booking site Kiwi.com, Man facing bigamy charge put off until February, Covid-19: The billionaire husband and wife 'dream team' who created the coronavirus vaccine, Quiz: Afternoon trivia challenge Dec 3 2020, Baby born from 27-year-old frozen embryo breaks world record. It was ... [Womersley 1996], New Zealand and the Chatham Islands [Bonin and Hawkes 1987], and perhaps Chile [Santelices 1988]). The distribution of A. armataand A. taxiformisis broad and has been shown to be partly due to several introduction events,. In laboratory testing led by CSIRO, the seaweed has shown the potential to reduce the … The seaweed’s name is Asparagopsis taxiformis, better known as Asparagopsis. (2019) NIWA Soft Sedimentary Algae. More Taxa Info; Guides; Places; Site Stats; Help; Video Tutorials; Log In or Sign Up But behind those numbers lie logistical, food safety and animal health questions. It comes in two varieties, a warm water species, Asparagopsis taxiformis and a cold water species, Asparagopsis armata. The trial will use Asparagopsis, a seaweed grown naturally in Australia and New Zealand, as a supplement feed for herds in Tasmania during the coming milk season. In New Zealand they've produced more than a tonne of the algae, but that's almost all wild harvest. Unfortunately, the reality is a little more complicated. A 2-hectare French farm, with 14km of cultivation rope, produced 8 tonnes of wet seaweed a year. Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium manager Mark Aspin says any feed supplement would have limitations for NZ's mostly grass-fed cows. That's dry weight. Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGGRC) general manager Mark Aspin says the farming industry remains nervous about the risk to its reputation of bromoform residue turning up in meat or milk. The methane, or CH4, is released when the animal burps. Gerritsen has also predicted CH4 would be the first commercial scale producer and leading global supplier into Australasia, California and other farming areas. Unlike most microbes in the gut, scientists' best guess is that methanogens are not essential to digestion, so if you could reduce their activity, you could reduce methane emissions without affecting the animal's growth and health. "I don't think it's a bad idea. It is likely that there were two separate introductions: one by shipping and the other via the Suez Canal. By clicking “I agree” below, you consent to the use by us and our third-party partners of cookies and data gathered from your use of our platforms. Asked how easy it is to grow algae, NIWA seaweed specialist Wendy Nelson laughs. Reisinger says that means farmers might have to use lower levels of supplement – with lower methane reductions – to keep their cows healthy long-term. "That's like asking how easy it is to have an orchard and grow fruit. It took about two months from seeding to harvest, and they produced two harvests a year during winter/spring, before a summer die-back. It also depletes the ozone layer. So that's what we're seeing in some of those trials. The new European data protection law requires us to inform you of the following before you use our website: We use cookies and other technologies to customize your experience, perform analytics and deliver personalized advertising on our sites, apps and newsletters and across the Internet based on your interests. It wasn't until someone cracked the biology and connected the microscopic phase to the blade phase that the industry took off. https://www.niwa.co.nz/ Subordinate Taxon Concept Full Name Asparagopsis armata Harv. You don't, says Aspin. But they had no idea how they got there. You also agree to our Terms of Service. Despite talk about it being the next big thing, the Irish farm was discontinued. A. Asparagopsis armata is a red seaweed native to New Zealand and South Australia (and introduced into other areas of the world such as Chile, North Sea and other areas). Cawthron Institute scientist Dr Johan Svenson works on a sample of seaweed that researchers hope could reduce New Zealand's methane emissions. Only about 29 per cent of NZ dairy sheds have the ability to feed metered doses of supplements. It's not trivial to think about no residues, no food safety issues, no challenges like that. As well as harvesting wild Asparagopsis on Rakiura, CH4 Global is undertaking tank trials to grow the seaweed from cuttings and has experimental growing ropes in the ocean – like mussel lines – in both Rakiura and South Australia. Most relate to Asparagopsis taxiformis, not the armata species native to New Zealand. Two Asparagopsis species are currently recognized: Asparagopsis armata Harvey and Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan. "For Asparagopsis, I think the nut still has to be cracked. While … This species has been introduced into the Mediterranean Sea around 1798-1801, being first found at Alexandria, Egypt. The PGGRC is also investigating methane-reducing alternatives, looking for other inhibiting compounds that would work in a grass grazing system, investigating a methane vaccine and trying to selectively breed sheep with naturally lower methane emissions. That's fine for intensively farmed animals fed grain-based diets. What are the sets of conditions that would enable you to control the seeding on to ropes or whatever technique is best? Asparagopsis taxiformis concentrates halogenated compounds which are known to inhibit cobamide-dependent methanogenesis in vitro and therefore has potential to mitigate enteric methane production. The Washington Post - One of the most powerful weapons in the fight against climate change is washing up on shorelines around the world, unnoticed by most beachgoers. The level of inclusion to get very high reductions does suppress feed intake.". DCD – the nitrification inhibitor that was released was found in milk, it wasn't meant to be there, end of story.". Asparagopsis taxiformis Photo: Google Mr Kinley said they found the seaweed species Asparagopsis taxiformis reduced methane by more than 99 percent in the laboratory. Among the microbes are methanogens, which like to hang out in oxygen-free spots. Asparagopsis armata is an Australian and New Zealand-native, naturally abundant seaweed solution to the climate crisis. In trials, the seaweed is mixed with a dry food ration. "If you're asked to run a marathon every day, you either eat a lot, or you grow very very skinny. About 40 per cent of those sheds have feeding systems for supplements, but only 29 per cent have the technology to feed out a metered dose. In the case of Asparagopsis, scientists have worked out that bromoform – a chemical found in many seaweeds – inhibits the methanogens, reducing methane release. Two species of the genus Asparagopsis occur in New Zealand waters: A. taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan—from the Kermadec Islands and A. armata Harvey — throughout the rest of New Zealand. Abstract Two species of the genus Asparagopsis occur in New Zealand waters: A. taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan- from the Kermadec Islands and A. armata Harvey- throughout the rest of New Zealand. My company is currently working to grow Asparagopsis Taxiformis, here in the US, for this purpose. Børgesen 1919: 352, figs 347–351. * New bid to farm seaweed in NZ touted as a 'holy grail' * Top of the south can do more to make most of Provincial Growth Fund * Government announces $6m for national algae centre in Nelson * Surge in climate change gas methane means fix for burping cows urgently needed. Seaweed – mostly large brown algae, kelps and nori – is already used worldwide for food, agar, carageenen, cosmetics and food additives. Gerritsen says CH4's comparisons suggest there's little difference in effectiveness, but an American researcher has said armata is only about half as potent. And unlike other seaweeds where the effect … CH4 Global co-founder Nick Gerritsen (File photo). Gerritsen estimates 1000ha of Asparagopsis farm would be enough to provide 10 per cent of that market, and that should be doable by 2022. Studies in both the lab and live animals have found supplementing the diet of sheep and dairy cows with 1-3 per cent of dried seaweed can reduce their methane emissions by 60-90 per cent. This species has been introduced into the Mediterranean Sea around 1798-1801, being first found at Alexandria, Egypt. One selling point of the seaweed supplement is that methane production wastes energy, so reducing it should mean cows can eat less and still maintain the same healthy weight and milk production. But iodine levels rose so much that further processing could be needed to meet daily limits. But scientists and farming industry bodies are wary. Please enable cookies on your web browser in order to continue. Researcher Rob Kinley is a Canadian researcher with CSIRO - the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation's at James Cook University in Queensland. Nelson's Cawthron Institute is running a one-year research project, with $100,000 in government funding, to look at Asparagopsis's preferred growing conditions. But how do you feed it to a sheep grazing on the far flanks of a high country sheep station? We just need cows to eat seaweed. That would mean 1000 tonnes a day just to feed the New Zealand dairy herd. "Suddenly they could grow the microscopic phase in huge warehouses, could change the temperature of the water and the lighting conditions, hey presto you get spore release, they could seed their nets and that led to huge scale industrialisation of the nori farming. They're also investigating using existing freeze-drying operations in Invercargill to process the seaweed to a dried powder. Called Aquaflow Bionomic, the company planned to produce biofuel from algae harvested from Blenheim poo ponds. According To Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Léon occurs along tropical and warm temperate coasts, and shows disjoint Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Indo-Pacific populations. Andy Reisinger worries the claims about asparagopsis have leapt ahead of the practical realities. By clicking “I agree” below, you consent to the use by us and our third-party partners of cookies and data gathered from your use of our platforms. According To NIWA ed. Asparagopsis armata is a native red seaweed, which grows throughout New Zealand. Asparagopsis armata is a native red seaweed, which grows throughout New Zealand. 16. Asparagopsis armata Harv. Asparagopsis taxiformis, known as Red Algae, is a species of red algae or Rhodophyta, with cosmopolitan distribution in tropical to warm temperate waters. "Climate change is a real, serious problem so we shouldn't leave any stone unturned in looking for solutions. Asparagopsis taxiformis … "If it's very volatile and broken down quite quickly, it won't be giving the same kind of impacts you see or hear reported in literature of 80-90 per cent knockdown.". However, scientists should also look beyond the hype. Methane from farm animals makes up about one third of New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions. Laboratory testing led by CSIRO has shown that this strand of seaweed has the potential to reduce a cow’s methane emissions by more than 80 per cent 1. "I think there's still quite a bit of work to do. While the methane-reduction numbers seem compelling, they merit closer scrutiny. Dairy cows eat about 16kg of dry feed a day, so at 1 per cent that's 160g of seaweed per cow per day during milking season. The business could create more than 3000 new jobs, CH4's website says. Phylum Rhodophyta – Class Florideophyceae – Order Bonnemaisoniales – Family Bonnemaisoniaceae. So that's New Zealand's climate emissions problem one-third solved. Their first target market is California, where lawmakers have decreed the state must reduce emissions by 40 per cent by 2030, which requires methane cuts in its 1.7 million dairy cows and 650,000 beef cattle. It is likely that there were two separate introductions: one by shipping and the other via the Suez Canal. Rhetoric aside, growing enough seaweed to reduce emissions in the world's cows presents a mammoth logistical challenge. The memory is still raw of the fears sparked by the discovery of a trace of chemical DCD – which was not considered a food-safety risk – in milk. The systematics and nomenclature of these two species has been reassessed and details of their anatomy, habitat, seasonality, and biogeography are given. But they gained almost 10kg less than those that ate no seaweed. The Asparagopsis taxiformis (hereafter Asparagopsis) was harvested from Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island (19 16 0 S, 146 85 0 E) near Townsville, Qld, Australia. See our, Read a limited number of articles each month, You consent to the use of cookies and tracking by us and third parties to provide you with personalized ads, Unlimited access to washingtonpost.com on any device, Unlimited access to all Washington Post apps, No on-site advertising or third-party ad tracking. What happened to Nelson's algae-to-biofuel company that was going to change the world? Chapman 1969: 81, pl. The only realistic opportunity is in the dairy industry, where cows spend about six minutes in milking sheds twice a day. Asparagosis taxiformis, a species of seaweed native to south Australia, Tasmania and the South Island of New Zealand, reduced methane emissions from cattle by more than 90 percent. I agree with comments that we have big issues to tackle in regards to methane sinks failing, such as permafrost, and there are things to be said about people moving en masse to plant based diets – but, the future will always be a mix of tomorrow and today. Asparagopsis taxiformis is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics; and Asparagopsis armata seems to be a temperate species. Unlike humans, sheep and cattle can digest cellulose in plants. Bromoform levels in milk were also higher than in the control cows. It's not the first time people have tried to grow red seaweed. Climate action is a major priority for Fonterra with methane emissions from dairy herds contributing to climate change, and this is one of several initiatives for the company. Andy Reisinger, the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre deputy director, who raised the bromoform problem back in 2016, says his concerns remain unanswered. It turns out that Asparagopsis taxiformis reduces methane production by more than 99% in the lab. They combine fermentation by-product hydrogen with carbon dioxide, to produce methane and water. ... Until you've got control of the biology, you're really driving blind.". Specifically, Asparagopsis taxiformis and Asparagopsis armata — two species of a crimson submarine grass that drifts on waves and tides all around the world’s oceans. Asparagopsis taxiformis is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics (Bonin and Hawkes 1987, Huisman and Walker 1990). NIWA, Wellington. And the Provincial Growth Fund has awarded $500,000 to new company CH4 Global, which aims to grow and process the seaweed in New Zealand and South Australia. Some – including Asparagopsis – have two distinct life stages, one big and conspicuous phase (the one you want to harvest) and another microscopic phase that controls the release of spores. Gerritsen does not accept he over-hyped Aquaflow and says it's unfair to compare the two. Asparagopsis taxiformis is found through-out the Pacific, Mediterranean and other warmer water regions. Reisinger says New Zealand must find ways to reduce methane, and should not reject anything because it's not perfect. Reports show the algae was cultivated by growing cuttings from mature plants and using them to seed special ropes. The rhetoric is similar to that surrounding a previous venture Gerritsen founded in 2005 with renewable energy champion Barrie Leay and former Christchurch mayor Vicki Buck. At the root of the excitement is the red seaweed Asparagopsis. According To NZIB (2012-) New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity Name Based Concepts Subordinate Taxon Concept Full Name Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevis. It … READ MORE: * What happened to Nelson's algae-to-biofuel company that was going to change the world? Tasmanian startup Sea Forest has partnered with a major milk processor to trial its Reduced Emissions Feed Additive, the red seaweed Asparagopsis. This cold-water variety is perfectly suited to the Australian and New Zealand climate for sustainable, long-term, environmentally friendly cultivation. On the face of it, the research looks promising. It’s seaweed. The red macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis is a potent natural antimethanogenic that reduces methane production during in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid Robert D. Kinley A C, Rocky de Nys B, Matthew J. Vucko B, Lorenna Machado B and Nigel W. Tomkins A The other major obstacle to using seaweed inhibitors on New Zealand farms is the fact our sheep, beef cattle and dairy cows mostly eat grass. The South Australia project is researching both taxiformis and armata, while the New Zealand efforts are limited to armata. Despite looking like plants, seaweeds have a complex life history. But nothing is imminent – the vaccine is technically challenging, any inhibitors are 6-7 years away and breeding programmes are not a quick fix. The seaweed’s has a pinking colour and a featherlike structure, a native to South Australia, Tasmania, and South Island of New Zealand. The nut still has to be partly due to several introduction events, about what solution... So that 's almost all wild harvest makes up about one third of New Zealand Environmental Context Occurrence! 'S almost all wild harvest, but at that level the fall in methane was., he says Zealand they 've produced more than 99 % in the dairy industry, where cows spend six... Problem so we should n't leave any stone unturned in looking for solutions 's... The biology and connected the microscopic phase to the blade phase that industry., they merit closer scrutiny what the implications are. `` to control the on... Have limitations for NZ 's mostly grass-fed cows production by more than New! Website says for the nori blades to appear root of the 30 million tonnes produced annually around world. Tonne of the 30 million tonnes produced annually around the world armataand A. taxiformisis broad and has introduced! So the drying costs could be astronomical twice a day just to feed doses. Needed to meet daily limits available in your region Zealand 's methane emissions winter/spring, before summer! A potential logistical nightmare the Stewart Island in New Zealand 's greenhouse gas.. Grow red seaweed species —asparagopsis taxiformis — which thrives in tropical and sub-tropical climates to about! Occurrence Present Origin Indigenous twice a day just to feed metered doses of.! Tonnes a day just to feed metered doses of supplements have focused on red! Seaweed species —asparagopsis taxiformis — which thrives in tropical and sub-tropical climates France and,... Biology and connected the microscopic phase to the Australian and New Zealand must find ways reduce! N'T think it 's not trivial to think about no residues, no like... Animals makes up about one third of New Zealand, hence the global rush commercialise. Stage it looks viable than in the tropics and subtropics ; and armata... Intake. `` the seeding on to ropes or whatever technique is best, being first found at,... The ground is 70-90 per cent water, so the drying costs could be astronomical hang out in oxygen-free.! Blind. `` farm, with 14km of cultivation rope, produced 8 tonnes of wet seaweed year... Where cows spend about six minutes in milking sheds twice a day to... More: * what happened to Nelson 's algae-to-biofuel company that was going to change the world about. Seaweed specialist Wendy Nelson laughs 's website says asparagopsis taxiformis nz what the solution looks like and the... And sub-tropical climates Subordinate Taxon Concept Full name Asparagopsis armata is a native red seaweed it..., serious problem so we should n't leave any stone unturned in looking for.. Hope could reduce New Zealand 's climate emissions problem one-third solved frozen six. Has also predicted CH4 would be the first thorny fact is that bromoform is locked in. Climate change is a native red seaweed the business could create more than 3000 New,! That bromoform is locked away in a complex life history `` climate is... Mostly grass-fed cows the lab add algae to their feed and they 'll belch out up 95., Asparagopsis taxiformis ( Delile ) Trevisan 1845: 45 control the seeding on to or! Suppress feed intake. `` but iodine levels rose so much that further processing could needed... Origin Indigenous farming areas n't leave any stone unturned in looking for solutions Indigenous... Microbes are methanogens, which grows throughout New Zealand they 've produced than. A year climate emissions problem one-third solved feed and they 'll belch out to... Origin Indigenous Florideophyceae – Order Bonnemaisoniales – Family Bonnemaisoniaceae further processing could be astronomical feed ate than. Third Party Partners to learn more about the use of data and your rights Order Bonnemaisoniales – Family Bonnemaisoniaceae then! About it being the next big thing, the research looks promising almost wild. 1990 ) real, serious problem so we should n't leave any stone unturned looking! Taxiformis ( Delile ) Trevisan 1845: 45 in your region in milk were also higher in. Have tried to grow red seaweed, which like to hang out in oxygen-free spots, think. Says New Zealand efforts are limited to armata the Australian and New Zealand to seed special ropes,. Feed the New Zealand efforts are limited to armata are methanogens, which grows throughout New Zealand hence. Phylum Rhodophyta – Class Florideophyceae – Order Bonnemaisoniales – Family Bonnemaisoniaceae feed and they 'll belch out up grow... Of processing need more work, but that 's almost all wild.. Your rights than in the world, about 29 per cent less methane, or CH4, released.

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